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| 32 Encyclopædia Britannica articles, from the full 32 volume encyclopedia |
> | Dome of the Rock shrine in Jerusalem that is the oldest extant Islamic monument. The rock over which the shrine was built is sacred to both Muslims and Jews. The Prophet Muhammad, founder of Islam, is traditionally believed to have ascended into heaven from the site. In Jewish tradition, it is here that Abraham, the progenitor and first patriarch of the Hebrew people, is said to have ...
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> | Character of the city
from the Jerusalem article Jerusalem plays a central role in the spiritual and emotional perspective of the three major monotheistic religions. For Jews throughout the world it is the focus of age-old yearnings, a living proof of ancient grandeur and independence and a centre of national renaissance; for Christians it is the scene of their Saviour's agony and triumph; for Muslims it is the goal of ...
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> | The rise of Islam
from the Palestine article The successful unification of the Arabian Peninsula under Islam by the first caliph, Abu Bakr (632634), made it possible to channel the expansion of the Arab Muslims into new directions. Abu Bakr, therefore, summoned the faithful to a holy war (jihad) and quickly amassed a large army. He dispatched three detachments of about 3,000 (later increased to about 7,500) men ...
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> | The Crusade of Frederick II
from the Crusades article The failure of the Fifth Crusade placed a heavy responsibility on Frederick II, whose motives as a Crusader are difficult to assess. A controversial figure, he has been regarded by some as the archenemy of the popes and by others as the greatest of emperors. His intellectual interests included Islam, and his attitude might seem to be more akin to that of the Eastern ...
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> | The advent of the revelation and the Meccan period
from the Muhammad article In the month of Ramadan, in the year 610, Gabriel, in the form of a man, appeared to Muhammad, asked him to recite (iqra'), then overwhelmed him with a very strong embrace. Muhammad told the stranger that he was not a reciter. But the angel repeated his demand and embrace three times, before the verses of the Qur'an, beginning with Recite in the Name of thy Lord who ...
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| 5 Student Encyclopedia Britannica articles, specially written for elementary and high school students |
 | The Beginning of the Petroleum Industry
from the petroleum article In the mid-1850s two things occurred to stimulate the petroleum industry: machines that required lubricating oils were developed, and oil lamps were used to light homes and offices. The whale oil used in lamps had become expensive. In 1849 the Scotsman James Young patented a process for converting coal into coal oil. A similar process was developed at the same time by the ...
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 | Islamic
from the mosaic article glass mosaic from the Umayyad era in the Middle East (661750) includes the decoration of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque in Damascus, Syria. Mosaics were introduced into India in the Islamic period.
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 | From rock salt.
from the salt article Salt domes and beds of rock salt that lie on or near the surface can be excavated in much the same manner as any other mineral deposit. If the salt is of sufficiently high quality, it may simply be ground, sieved, and sold. If impurities are present in unacceptable levels the rock salt may be dissolved to form a brine. Commercial salt is manufactured by treatment of the ...
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 | The Old City.
from the Jerusalem article Dominated by the raised platform of the Temple Mount, the Old City is divided into Christian, Muslim, Armenian, and Jewish quarters. It has the aura of many ancient cities, with narrow alleyways and labrynthine suqs, or bazaars. Most of the wall that now surrounds the Old City was built by the Turkish sultan Süleyman the Magnificent in the 16th century, largely on the ...
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 | Great Smoky Mountains The Cherokee Indians called the mountains of their ancestral home Great Smoky because of the blue-gray haze that veils the rounded summits. The mountains are in Tennessee and North Carolina. The Great Smoky Mountains National Park, created in 1934, straddles the crest of the Smokies from north to south along the boundary between the two states. It is about 54 miles (87 ...
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